Building Class 12 Notes Hot ((new)) — Challenges Of Nation

In the midnight hour of August 14-15, 1947, awoke to freedom—but it was a "crown of thorns," as Mahatma Gandhi called it

India

The British left in a hurry. They divided India into (Secular) and Pakistan (Muslim majority). This was based on the Two-Nation Theory (Muslims and Hindus are separate nations).

1. The "Two-Nation Theory" and Partition

To excel in this chapter, focus on these critical areas often tested in higher-difficulty questions: challenges of nation building class 12 notes hot

Report: Challenges of Nation Building (Class 12 Political Science)

Provinces

British India was divided into (ruled by Britishers) and Princely States (ruled by Kings/Maharajas). These kings had the option to join India, Pakistan, or remain Independent . In the midnight hour of August 14-15, 1947,

State

| | Ruler | Crisis | Resolution | Exam Keyword | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Junagadh | Nawab Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto (Pakistan-leaning) | Acceded to Pakistan despite being surrounded by India & 80% Hindu population. | Plebiscite held in Feb 1948 → 99.9% voted for India. | Plebiscite & Popular Will | | Hyderabad | Nizam Osman Ali Khan | Wanted independent status. Had a private army (Razakars) under Kasim Razvi. | Operation Polo (Sept 1948) – Indian army annexed Hyderabad in 5 days. | Police Action / Operation Polo | | Kashmir | Maharaja Hari Singh | Initially wanted independence. Pakistani tribal raiders invaded in Oct 1947. | Hari Singh signed Instrument of Accession → India sent troops. Article 370 granted special status (now abrogated). | Special Status & Tribal Invasion |

Establishing Democracy:

It wasn't enough to just give people the right to vote. The challenge was to develop democratic practices in a largely illiterate population. State | | Ruler | Crisis | Resolution

The Instrument of Accession:

Most rulers signed this document, agreeing to become a part of the Union of India.

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This is the topic from this chapter. Examiners repeatedly ask about Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s role and the accession of Junagadh, Hyderabad, and Kashmir .